Microbes and Markets

The oldest life forms on earth apparently have evolved to be market-oriented. Microbes, our elderly neighbors and bodily inhabitants, have left clues that they are around 3.7 billion years old. And their society, particularly as evidenced by what goes on in our own guts, appears to have all of the mechanisms of a competitive and cooperative market society.

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Richard Williams
Stoking Irrational Fears

Like fear, risk is a part of life. All activities that humans engage in, and all substances humans are exposed to, create some risk, however small. The founding principle of toxicology, the science of poisons, says that everything is risky, and is dependent on how much you are exposed to. This is true of both exposure to substances like chemicals and microbes as well as radiation and physical hazards. It’s also true of every activity we engage in, whether work or play.

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Richard Williams